Before you lie in the sun without your sunscreen this summer, consider that cases of melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer, are rising significantly. In fact, more new cases of skin cancer will be diagnosed in the United States this year than new cases of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer combined. More than 1 million Americans a year are affected by non-melanoma skin cancer such as basal cell cancer and sqaumous cell cancer, and melanoma is now one of the most common cancers among young adults ages 15 to 29. David J. Leffell, MD ^[1], Yale Medical Group dermatologic surgeon and chief of the Section of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaenous Oncology, answered questions about skin cancer and how to prevent it.

Have we learned anything new about skin cancer prevention in the last few years?

We know from experimental studies that if you block ultraviolet (UV) radiation from skin, the cells that have been mutated by previous sun exposure may actually regress. This is scientific proof that it is never too late to start a program of protection against UV.

Skin cancer is on the rise. Is it limited to any one demographic?

A new study shows that men over age 50 have the greatest increase in deaths from melanoma. Another group of special concern are young women. It appears in my practice, as well as in the practices of others who specialize in skin cancer, that more and more people in their 20s and 30s are developing basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer, which are slow growing cancers that are completely different than melanoma and easy to treat if they’re caught early.

Why are more young people being diagnosed?

We don’t know for sure. It could relate to more sun exposure or increased use of tanning parlors. It is also true the majority of sun exposure occurs in childhood, so it is critical that parents take special precautions to protect young children. The genetic damage caused by the sun accumulates over time like compound interest, so any protection that can be provided in childhood will pay off later.

Does sunscreen provide adequate protection?

Sunscreen has evolved dramatically over the years. I am a consultant to Coppertone, and work with their scientists on the development of sunscreen products and ways to make them more attractive to individuals, because we know that using sunscreen is a nuisance. There are now many products that go on more easily and leave your hands less sticky. But the bottom line is that there is a huge amount of benefit provided by sunscreen. It does prevent the damaging ultraviolet rays from injuring the skin. It is important to look for broad spectrum sunscreens that provide protection against UVA and UVB rays.

What do you think about recent comments alleging a relationship between vitamin A in sunscreen and increased risk of melanoma?

That’s an interesting observation. We really need to see the data before commenting since it is well known that vitamin A derivatives are actually used to treat certain cancers. In the meantime, sunscreen use should continue as an important part of a comprehensive sun protection program.

There are so many sunscreens. How do you choose the best one?

It’s really a matter of reading the label. You want a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher to protect against ultraviolet B waves, which typically are cancer-causing even though they have less of an effect on aging of the skin. You also want the sunscreen to have UVA protection to protect against ultraviolet A waves, which penetrate into the dermis and cause premature aging of the skin. Some recent evidence suggests that UVA also can play a role in causing certain skin cancers.

What else can you do?

You don’t want to go crawl under a rock or hide in the basement. You want to be active and that usually is best done outdoors—simply use moderation and common sense. I recommend the following steps:

• Avoid the sun during 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. That means stay in the shade and certainly don’t schedule your kids’ ball games at high noon. Wear a broad brim hat, not a baseball cap, as attractive as they may be. The majority of skin cancers are on the head and neck, so a brimmed hat that protects the ears as well as the nose is important.
• Wear sun protective clothing. There is now sun protective clothing that looks like normal clothing, not like a prison uniform. They have a tight weave that is chemically treated and they actually are UPF rated, meaning ultraviolet protective factor rated.
• Apply sunscreen every couple of hours while you’re active outdoors and after swimming. It is said that a shot glass full of sunscreen should cover the sun exposed parts of the body.
• Wear sun protective eyeglasses to prevent cataracts.

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